How Many Years Does a House of Representative Serve
The United states of america Congress is the legislative branch of the federal regime and consists of two houses: the lower house known as the House of Representatives and the upper business firm known every bit the Senate. The words "Congress" and "House" are sometimes used colloquially to refer to the House of Representatives. There are 535 members of Congress: 100 senators and 435 representatives in the House.
Republicans currently control the Senate (54 to 44 Democrats) and the House (246 to 188).
Comparison chart
 | House of Representatives | Senate |
|---|---|---|
| Introduction | The The states Business firm of Representatives is one of the two houses of the United States Congress. Information technology is frequently referred to as the House. | The United States Senate is the upper business firm of the bicameral legislature of the United States Congress. |
| Blazon | Lower firm. Responds to the needs of the people faster since representatives only have a ii yr term. Laws dealing with revenue must start in the House. | Upper business firm. The six year term ways the Senate can be slower and consider the long-term furnishings of laws. |
| Seats | 435 voting members, six not-voting members: 5 delegates, ane resident commissioner | 100 |
| Seats apportioned | Based on the population of each land | Two for each state |
| Length of term | 2 years. All 435 seats are upwards for reelection every two years. | 6 years. Here there is a continuous body idea. But 1/iii of the senate seats are elected every ii years. And then only 34 or 33 senators are up for election at one fourth dimension. |
| Term limits | None | None |
| Leadership | Nancy Pelosi (D) (Speaker); elected by the House of Representatives. | The President of the Senate [currently Kamala Harris (D) just votes in case of a tie. When he or she is not available, the President pro tempore, a senator elected by the Senate [currently Patrick Leahy (D)] takes over on his behalf. |
| Bulk Leader | Steny Hoyer (D) | Chuck Schumer (D) |
| Minority Leader | Kevin McCarthy (R) | Mitch McConnell (R) |
| Bulk Whip | James Clyburn (D) | John Thune (R) |
| Minority Whip | Steve Scalise (R) | Dick Durbin (D) |
| Political groups | Democratic (219), Republican (211), 5 vacant seats | Republican (48), Autonomous (48), Contained (2) |
| Voting system | First-past-the-post | Beginning-past-the-post |
| History | Based on Virginia Plan | Based on New Jersey Plan |
Size of Senate vs. Business firm
While there are 100 seats in the Senate (2 senators from each state), there are 435 seats in the House of Representatives (1 representative from each of the various congressional districts, with the number of congressional districts in each state adamant by the population).
The Reapportionment Act of 1929 set the final number of the Business firm at the current 435, with district sizes adjusted according to population growth. Nonetheless, as district borders were never divers definitively, they tin and often practice stretch into peculiar shapes due to a practice known every bit gerrymandering.
Gerrymandering is used at the country legislature level to create districts that overwhelmingly favor one party. Federal and Supreme Courtroom rulings take overturned gerrymandering efforts that accept been perceived to exist based on race, only otherwise some districts have been reconfigured to give 1 or another political party an extreme political reward, thus allowing that political party to secure more power in the state and in the Business firm of Representatives.
A line graph showing which political parties have controlled the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate over the years. Click to enlarge.
Roles of Representatives and Senators
The Business firm plays a major role in government, mainly that of initiating all revenue-based legislation. Any proposal to raise taxes must come from the House, with Senate review and approval. The Senate, on the other hand, has sole power of approval on foreign treaties and cabinet and judicial nominations, including appointments to the Supreme Court.
In cases of impeachment (e.g., Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Neb Clinton in 1998), the Business firm determines if charges tin can be brought against the official, and a simple majority vote approves or rejects the filing of charges (the impeachment procedure). If approved, the Senate so serves as the investigative/judicial torso to determine if the charges merit removing the accused official from his or her office. However, the vote in the Senate has to represent "a significant majority," usually taken to mean 67 of the 100 votes.
Members of Congress are deemed to be "beyond the power of arrest" while in role, except in cases of treason, murder, or fraud. This stipulation has been used by representatives and senators to avoid subpoenas and other judicial procedures. A senator tin waive the privilege at any time, just a member of the Firm has to submit his or her petition to a general vote. If a simple majority approves, the privilege tin exist waived.
Congress has the power to amendment whatsoever citizen. Noncompliance with a congressional subpoena can acquit up to a i-year jail judgement. The case is heard in a judicial forum, and punishment (a judgement) for those establish guilty of "contempt of Congress" is handled strictly by the judicial system.
The succession order in the federal government is president, vice president and and so Speaker of the House, the leader of the representatives. The vice president is considered the "president" of the Senate, though he or she is not required or even expected to attend near Senate sessions. The Senate elects a "President Pro Tempore," often the senior, or longest-serving, senator of the bulk party, who is responsible for managing 24-hour interval-to-day business.
Length of Terms
Senators are elected for a 6-year term, but House representatives only take two-year terms before they need to seek reelection. Every member of the House is up for election or reelection every two years, but the Senate has a staggered arrangement wherein only one-3rd of the Senators are upwardly for election or reelection every two years. It is possible for the House to change to a big extent (in terms of party command) every ii years, but changes are slower in the Senate. In both chambers, incumbents have a great reward over challengers, winning more than than 90% of all contested races.
Qualifications
To be eligible as a representative, a person needs to exist at least 25 years old at the time of the election and have lived continuously in the U.S. for at least 7 years. To go a senator, i must be at least 30 years old at the time of the election and accept lived continuously in the U.South. for at least 9 years. It is non a requirement to be a natural-born citizen in gild to become a member of Congress.
Committees
About of Congress' piece of work takes place in committees. Both the House and Senate have standing, special, conference, and articulation committees.
Standing committees are permanent and provide longer-serving members with power bases. In the House, key committees include Budget, Ways and Means, and Armed Services, while the Senate has Appropriations, Foreign Relations, and Judiciary committees. (Some committees exist in both chambers, such as Budget, Armed services, and Veterans Affairs.) Special committees are temporary, formed to investigate, analyze, and/or evaluate specific issues. Conference committees are formed when legislation is approved in both the House and Senate; they finalize the linguistic communication in legislation. Joint committees feature members of the Business firm and Senate, with leadership of each commission alternating between members of each chamber.
Committees likewise have subcommittees, which are formed to focus more closely on sure issues. Some have become permanent, but about are formed for limited time frames. Although useful for zeroing in on primal issues, the proliferation of committees, and peculiarly subcommittees, has decentralized the legislative procedure and significantly slowed it, making Congress less responsive to changing trends and needs.
Debating legislation has stricter rules in the Firm than in the Senate, applicable at both the committee and whole-body levels. In the House, contend time is restricted and topics are gear up beforehand, with discussions express to the calendar. In the Senate, the tactic called filibustering is allowed. Once the floor is ceded to a senator, he or she can speak for equally long as the senator chooses, on whatsoever topic; no other business organization tin can be transacted while the person speaks. A filibuster is used to cake potential legislation or Senate decisions until a favorable vote tin can be called. This has resulted in sometimes comically absurd efforts on the part of senators. For example, during a 2013 delay over the Affordable Intendance Deed, Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) read from Dark-green Eggs and Ham.
Origins of House and Senate
In general, the House represents the population, while the Senate represents a "landed/large property" populace. In colonial times, the proposed "legislative trunk" had 2 models. The Virginia Plan, endorsed by Thomas Jefferson, created a grouping of representatives based on population sizes, so that more populous states would have a greater voice in legislative problems. Opposing it was the New Jersey Program that express each state to the same number of representatives; the plan suggested that there exist something between two to five representatives per state. The New Jersey Plan was criticized for holding larger states "hostage" to smaller states, as each would accept the same power base. This article in The New Yorker dissects information technology well:
James Madison and Alexander Hamilton admittedly hated the idea that each state should exist entitled to the aforementioned number of senators regardless of size. Hamilton was withering on the topic. "Equally states are a collection of individual men," he harangued his fellow-delegates at the Ramble Convention in Philadelphia, "which ought we to respect virtually, the rights of the people composing them, or of the bogus beings resulting from the limerick? Nothing could exist more preposterous or absurd than to sacrifice the erstwhile to the latter."
Per the Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, the The states adopted the bicameral system of the English Parliament (i.e., Business firm of Lords and House of Commons). The compromise was betwixt the Virginia plan (pocket-sized state) and the New Jersey proposal (large state), two competing ideas on whether each state should get equal representation in the federal authorities or whether representation should be based on population. The compromise established that representatives in the lower house (House of Representatives) will be based on a population number (called a "district") while the upper house (Senate) would comprise two representative from each land. It was also decided that all classes would be eligible to become senators, subject to historic period and residency restrictions.
References
- Congress.gov
- The Organization of Congress - Cliff Notes
- Wikipedia: United States House of Representatives
- Wikipedia: United States Senate
- Wikipedia: Structure of the The states Congress
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